ʿAddigrat, ʿĀddigrāt Dabra Mankǝrāt Qǝddus Qirqos, AMQ-001
Stéphane Ancel (cataloguer), Denis Nosnitsin
This manuscript description is based on the catalogues listed in the Catalogue Bibliography
General description
ʾArbāʿtu wangel “Four Gospels”. "Golden Gospel" of ʿĀddigrāt Qirqos
Number of Text units: 24
Number of Codicological units: 1
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Origin
Original Location: ʿĀddigrāt Dabra Mankǝrāt Qǝddus Qirqos↗
Dağğāzmāč Sǝbā Gādis (i.e. Subagādis, 1770-1831) donor , with baptismal name Za-Manfas Qǝddus, is mentioned as the donor of the manuscript (s. Additio 1).Provenance
The name of the original donor has been erased from the headings and replaced with Za-Manfas Qǝddus (the baptismal name of Dağğāzmāč Subagādis, 1770-1831) and his mother Walatta Seyon. Dağğāzmāč Sǝbā Gādis is mentioned as the donor in Additio 1.
Summary
- ms_i1
(check the viewerFols 2r–222v ),
Four Gospels
- ms_i1.1
(check the viewerFols 2r–9r ),
Introduction to the Gospels
- ms_i1.1.1 (check the viewer2ra, l.1-5rc, l.19 ), Maqdǝma wangel
- ms_i1.1.2 (check the viewer5rc, l.20 - 5vb, l.22 ), Epistle of Eusebius to Carpianus (generic record)
- ms_i1.1.3 (check the viewer5vb, l.23 - 6ra, l.19 ), Synopsis of Classes
- ms_i1.1.4 (check the viewer6ra, l.20 - 6rb, l.30 ), On the reliability of the Gospels
- ms_i1.1.5 (check the viewer6rc, ls.1-5 ), Statement about the Eusebius sections
- ms_i1.1.6 (check the viewerFols 6va–9r ), Canon tables
- ms_i1.2
(check the viewerFols 9rc–74vb ),
Wangel za-Mātewos
- ms_i1.2.1 (check the viewer9rc, l.1 - 9va, l.32 ), List of the “tituli” for the Gospel of Matthew - 69 titles
- ms_i1.2.2 (check the viewer10ra, l.1 - 74vb, l.6 ), Bǝsrāta Mātewos
- ms_i1.2.3 (check the viewer74vb, ll. 7-18 ), Wangel za-Mātewos, Postscript to the Gospel of Matthew
- ms_i1.3
(check the viewerFols 75ra and following ),
Wangel za-Mārqos
- ms_i1.3.1 (check the viewer75ra, l.1 - 75rb, l.16 ), Biography of Mark
- ms_i1.3.2 (check the viewer75va, l.1 - 75vb, l.20 ), Biography of Luks
- ms_i1.3.3 (check the viewer76ra, l.1 - 76vb, l.27 ), List of the “tituli” for the Gospel of Mark - 84 titles
- ms_i1.3.4 (check the viewer77ra, l.1 - 114vb, l.19 ), Bǝsrāta Mārqos
- ms_i1.3.5 (check the viewer114vb, ll.20-27 ), Wangel za-Mārqos, Postscript to the Gospel of Mark
- ms_i1.4
(check the viewerFols 115ra–175vb ),
Wangel za-Luqās
- ms_i1.4.1 (check the viewer115ra, l.1 -175vb, l.6 ), Bǝsrāta Luqās
- ms_i1.4.2 (check the viewer175vb, ll. 7-15 ), Wangel za-Luqās, Postscript to the Gospel of Luke
- ms_i1.5
(check the viewerFols 176ra–222va ),
Gospel of John
- ms_i1.5.1 (check the viewer176ra, l.1 - 222va, l.2 ), Gospel of John
- ms_i1.5.2 (check the viewer222va, ls.3-16 ), Gospel of John, Postscript to the Gospel of John
- ms_i1.1
(check the viewerFols 2r–9r ),
Introduction to the Gospels
Contents
check the viewerFols 2r–222v Four Gospels (CAe 1560)
Language of text:
(The Golden Gospel of ʿĀddigrāt Qirqos.) (The "Golden Gospel" of ʿĀddigrāt Qirqos. The most part of the blank space including the margins is occupied by numerous Additiones, written in different recent hands, both in ink and pen.)check the viewerFols 2r–9r Introduction to the Gospels (CAe 2705)
Language of text:
check the viewer2ra, l.1-5rc, l.19 Maqdǝma wangel (CAe 4872)
Language of text:
Incipit ( ): check the viewer2ra, l.1: በስመ፡“̋... ንቀድም፡ በረድኤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ ይትባረክ፡ ስሙ፡ ወይትሌዓል፡ ዝክሩ፡ ወፍጽምናሁ፡ ሢመተ፨ ኵሉ፡ ኃይል፡ ወቦቱ፡ ተፍጻሜተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ስእለት፡
check the viewer5rc, l.20 - 5vb, l.22 Epistle of Eusebius to Carpianus (generic record) (CAe 1349)
Language of text:
check the viewer6ra, l.20 - 6rb, l.30 On the reliability of the Gospels (CAe 1560 IntroductionReliability) ()
check the viewerFols 9rc–74vb Wangel za-Mātewos (CAe 1558)
Language of text:
Incipit ( ): check the viewer10ra, l. 1: ብስራተ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ማቴዎስ፡ ሐዋርያ፡ ወንጌላዊ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምዓሠርቱ፡ ወክልኤቱ፡ አርድእት፨ ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ወምስለ፡ ፍቅርቱ፡ ወለተ፡ ጽዮን፡ ወምስለ፡ ወልደ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን፨ መጽሐፈ፡ ልደቱ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወልደ፡ ዳዊት፡ ወልደ፡ አብርሃም፨
check the viewer9rc, l.1 - 9va, l.32 List of the “tituli” for the Gospel of Matthew - 69 titles (CAe 1558 TituliMatthew)
Language of text:
check the viewer74vb, ll. 7-18 Wangel za-Mātewos, Postscript to the Gospel of Matthew (CAe 1558 PostscriptMatthew)
Language of text:
(According to Zuurmond typology: Type Cc (s. Mt. 2:7, 12ra))check the viewerFols 75ra and following Wangel za-Mārqos (CAe 1882)
Language of text:
Incipit ( ): check the viewer77ra, l. 1: ብስራተ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ክቡር፡ ወብፁዕ፡ ድንግል፡ ማርቆስ፡ ወንጌላዊ፡ በኵር፡ ላእከ፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ ትኩን፡ ምስለ፡ ገብረ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወምስለ፡ ፍቅርቱ፡ ወለተ፡ ጽዮን፡ ምስለ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወልደ፡ ልዑል። ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን፡ ወአሜን፨ ቀዳሚሁ፡ ለወንጌል፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወልደ፡ እግዚአብሔር…
check the viewer75va, l.1 - 75vb, l.20 Biography of Luks (CAe 1812 Biography) (misplaced )
Language of text:
check the viewer76ra, l.1 - 76vb, l.27 List of the “tituli” for the Gospel of Mark - 84 titles (CAe 1882 TituliMark)
Language of text:
check the viewer114vb, ll.20-27 Wangel za-Mārqos, Postscript to the Gospel of Mark (CAe 1882 MarkPostscript)
Language of text:
(According to Zuurmond typology: Type Cc (s. Mk. 1:5, check the viewer77rb ).)check the viewerFols 115ra–175vb Wangel za-Luqās (CAe 1812)
Language of text:
Incipit ( ): check the viewer115, l. 1: ብስራተ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሉቃስ፡ ሐዋርያ፡ ወንጌላዊ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምሰብዓ፡ ወከልኤቱ፡ አርድእት፡ በረከተ፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወሀብተ፡ ረድኤቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ወምስለ፡ ፍቅርቱ፡ ወለተ፡ ጽዮን፡ ወምስለ፡ ወልደ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን፨ እስመ፡ ብዙኃን፡ እለ፡ አኀዙ፡ ይውጥኑ፡ ወይጽሐፉ፡ ወይንግሩ፡ ወይግበሩ፡ ወይምሐሩ፡ ነገረ፡ በእንተ፡ ግብር፡ ዘአምኑ፡ በላዕሌነ…
check the viewer175vb, ll. 7-15 Wangel za-Luqās, Postscript to the Gospel of Luke (CAe 1812 PostscriptLuke)
Language of text:
(According to Zuurmond typology: Type C (s. Lk. 1, 1-4, f. 115rab))check the viewerFols 176ra–222va Gospel of John (CAe 1693)
Language of text:
Incipit ( ): check the viewer176ra, l. 1: ብስራተ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ትሩፈ፡ ነገር፡ ተናጋሬ፡ ቃለ፡ መለኮት፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ወልደ፡ ዘብዴዎስ፡ ፍቁረ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ጸሎቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ወምስለ፡ ፍቅርቱ፡ ወለተ፡ ጽዮን፡ ወምስለ፡ ወልደ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን፨ ቀዳሚሁ፡ ቃል፡ ውእቱ፡ ወውእቱ፡ ቃል፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውእቱ፡ ወእግዚአብሔር፡ ውእቱ፡ ቃል...
check the viewer222va, ls.3-16 Gospel of John, Postscript to the Gospel of John (CAe 1693 Postscript)
Language of text:
(According to Zuurmond/Wechsler typology: Type C (?) (s. Jn. 5:1-23, fol. 184r-185r).)Additions In this unit there are in total 1 , 1 .
-
check the viewerff. 222vb-225ra (Type: DonationNote)
Donation note.
( gez ) check the viewer222vb , l.1: ዛቲ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ዘደጅ፡ አዝማች፡ ስባ፡ ጋዲስ፡ ዘወሀቦ፡ ለቂርቆስ፡ አድ፡ ግራት፡ ተሣይጦ፡ በንዋዩ፡ ዘሰረቆ፡ ወዘፈሐቆ፡ በሥልጣነ፡ ጴጥሮስ፡ ወጳውሎስ፡ ውጉዘ፡ ለይኩን። ለውእቱ፡ ቂርቆስ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሐነጾ፡ ወአልአሎ፡ ወአሥአሎ፡ ወአክበሮ፡ ወሠርገዎ፡ በኵሉ፡ ንዋይ፡ ዘቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ከመ፡ ይርከብ፡ አስቦ፡ ህየንተ፡ ፩፲፻ምክዕቢተ፡ በመንግሥተ፡ ሰማያት፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መፍቀሬ፡ ምሕረት፡ ኦአበውየ፡ ወአኃውየ፡ ካህናት፡ ዘዛቲ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ እለ፡ ጸለይክሙ፡ ወቆም፡ ክሙ፡ ኢትርስዑኒ፡ አቡነ፡ ዘበሰማያት፡ ከመ፡ ይዕቀ[ check the viewer223ra ]በኒ፡ እምኵሉ፡ መከራ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወነፍስ፡ ሊተ፡ ለወልድክሙ፡ ወእኁክሙ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ስባ፡ ጋዲስ።
( The note is written in a secondary hand possibly "imitating" the main hand. It mentions daǧǧāzmāč Sǝbā Gādis (sic for Subāgādis, Sabāgādis , 1770-1831) whose baptismal name was Za-Manfas Qǝddus as the lord who had the church built and painted, and endowed it.)
Extras
-
(Type: findingAid)
- Two white threads are inserted in the upper edges of some folios.
Catalogue Bibliography
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MS ʿĀddigrāt Dabra Mankǝrāt Qǝddus Qirqos, Ethio-SPaRe
This manuscript has no restorations.
Physical Description
Form of support
Parchment Codex
Extent
Outer dimensions | |
Height | 420 |
Width | 370 |
Depth | 100 |
Foliation
Quire Structure Collation
Position | Number | Leaves | Quires | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9 | No image availableFols 1r–9v | I(9; s.l. 1, stub after 9/fols. 1r-9v) | |
2 | 10 | No image availableFols 10r–19v | II(10/fols. 10r-19v) | |
3 | 10 | No image availableFols 20r–29v | III(10/fols. 20r-29v) | |
4 | 10 | No image availableFols 30r–39v | IV(10; s.l. 1, stub after 10; 10, stub after 1/fols. 30r-39v) | |
5 | 10 | No image availableFols 40r–49v | V(10/fols. 40r-49v) | |
6 | 10 | No image availableFols 50r–59v | VI(10/fols. 50r-59v) | |
7 | 10 | No image availableFols 60r–69v | VII(10/fols. 60r-69v) | |
8 | 7 | No image availableFols 70r–76v | VIII(7; s.l. 4, stub after 4/fols. 70r-76v) | |
9 | 10 | No image availableFols 77r–86v | IX(10/fols. 77r-86v) | |
10 | 10 | No image availableFols 87r–96v | X(10/fols. 87r-96v) | |
11 | 10 | No image availableFols 97r–106v | XI(10/fols. 97r-106v) | |
12 | 8 | No image availableFols 107r–114v | XII(8/fols. 107r-114v) | |
13 | 10 | No image availableFols 115r–124v | XIII(10/fols. 115r-124v) | |
14 | 10 | No image availableFols 125r–134v | XIV(10/fols. 125r-134v) | |
15 | 10 | No image availableFols 135r–144v | XV(10/fols. 135r-144v) | |
16 | 10 | No image availableFols 145r–154v | XVI(10/fols. 145r-154v) | |
17 | 10 | No image availableFols 155r–164v | XVII(10/fols. 155r-164v) | |
18 | 11 | No image availableFols. 11, No image availableFols 165r–175v | XVIII(11; s.l. 10, stub after 1/fols. 165r-175v) | |
19 | 10 | No image availableFols 176r–185v | XIX(10/fols. 176r-185v) | |
20 | 10 | No image availableFols 186r–195v | XX(10/fols. 186r-195v) | |
21 | 10 | No image availableFols 196r–205v | XXI(10/fols. 196r-205v) | |
22 | 8 | No image availableFols 206r–213v | XXII(8/fols. 206r-213v) | |
23 | 8 | No image availableFols 214r–221v | XXIII(8/fols. 214r-221v) | |
24 | 4 | No image availableFols 222r–225v | XXIV(4/fols. 222r-225v) | |
25 | 4 | No image availableFols 226r–229v | XXV(4/fols. 226r-229v) |
Collation diagrams
I(9; s.l. 1, stub after 9/fols. 1r-9v)
Quire ID:q1
II(10/fols. 10r-19v)
Quire ID:q2
III(10/fols. 20r-29v)
Quire ID:q3
IV(10; s.l. 1, stub after 10; 10, stub after 1/fols. 30r-39v)
Quire ID:q4
V(10/fols. 40r-49v)
Quire ID:q5
VI(10/fols. 50r-59v)
Quire ID:q6
VII(10/fols. 60r-69v)
Quire ID:q7
VIII(7; s.l. 4, stub after 4/fols. 70r-76v)
Quire ID:q8
IX(10/fols. 77r-86v)
Quire ID:q9
X(10/fols. 87r-96v)
Quire ID:q10
XI(10/fols. 97r-106v)
Quire ID:q11
XII(8/fols. 107r-114v)
Quire ID:q12
XIII(10/fols. 115r-124v)
Quire ID:q13
XIV(10/fols. 125r-134v)
Quire ID:q14
XV(10/fols. 135r-144v)
Quire ID:q15
XVI(10/fols. 145r-154v)
Quire ID:q16
XVII(10/fols. 155r-164v)
Quire ID:q17
XVIII(11; s.l. 10, stub after 1/fols. 165r-175v)
Quire ID:q18
XIX(10/fols. 176r-185v)
Quire ID:q19
XX(10/fols. 186r-195v)
Quire ID:q20
XXI(10/fols. 196r-205v)
Quire ID:q21
XXII(8/fols. 206r-213v)
Quire ID:q22
XXIII(8/fols. 214r-221v)
Quire ID:q23
XXIV(4/fols. 222r-225v)
Quire ID:q24
XXV(4/fols. 226r-229v)
Quire ID:q25
Ethio-SPaRe formula : I(8+1/s.l. 1, stub after 9/No image availableFols 1r–9v) – II(10/No image availableFols 10r–19v) – III(10/No image availableFols 20r–29v) – IV(8+2/s.l. 1, stub after 10; s.l. 10, stub after 1/No image availableFols 30r–39v) – V(10/No image availableFols 40r–49v) – VI(10/No image availableFols 50r–59v) – VII(10/No image availableFols 60r–69v) – VIII(6+1/s.l. 4, stub after 4/No image availableFols 70r–76v) – IX(10/No image availableFols 77r–86v) – X(10/No image availableFols 87r–96v) – XI(10/No image availableFols 97r–106v) – XII(8/No image availableFols 107r–114v) – XIII(10/No image availableFols 115r–124v) – XIV(10/No image availableFols 125r–134v) – XV(10/No image availableFols 135r–144v) – XVI(10/No image availableFols 145r–154v) – XVII(10/No image availableFols 155r–164v) – XVIII(10+1/s.l. 10, stub after /No image availableFols. 11, No image availableFols 165r–175v) – XIX(10/No image availableFols 176r–185v) – XX(10/No image availableFols 186r–195v) – XXI(10/No image availableFols 196r–205v) – XXII(8/No image availableFols 206r–213v) – XXIII(8/No image availableFols 214r–221v) – XXIV(4/No image availableFols 222r–225v) – XXV(4/No image availableFols 226r–229v) –
Formula: No image availableFols 1r–9v I(9; s.l. 1, stub after 9/fols. 1r-9v) ; No image availableFols 10r–19v II(10/fols. 10r-19v) ; No image availableFols 20r–29v III(10/fols. 20r-29v) ; No image availableFols 30r–39v IV(10; s.l. 1, stub after 10; 10, stub after 1/fols. 30r-39v) ; No image availableFols 40r–49v V(10/fols. 40r-49v) ; No image availableFols 50r–59v VI(10/fols. 50r-59v) ; No image availableFols 60r–69v VII(10/fols. 60r-69v) ; No image availableFols 70r–76v VIII(7; s.l. 4, stub after 4/fols. 70r-76v) ; No image availableFols 77r–86v IX(10/fols. 77r-86v) ; No image availableFols 87r–96v X(10/fols. 87r-96v) ; No image availableFols 97r–106v XI(10/fols. 97r-106v) ; No image availableFols 107r–114v XII(8/fols. 107r-114v) ; No image availableFols 115r–124v XIII(10/fols. 115r-124v) ; No image availableFols 125r–134v XIV(10/fols. 125r-134v) ; No image availableFols 135r–144v XV(10/fols. 135r-144v) ; No image availableFols 145r–154v XVI(10/fols. 145r-154v) ; No image availableFols 155r–164v XVII(10/fols. 155r-164v) ; No image availableFols. 11, No image availableFols 165r–175v XVIII(11; s.l. 10, stub after 1/fols. 165r-175v) ; No image availableFols 176r–185v XIX(10/fols. 176r-185v) ; No image availableFols 186r–195v XX(10/fols. 186r-195v) ; No image availableFols 196r–205v XXI(10/fols. 196r-205v) ; No image availableFols 206r–213v XXII(8/fols. 206r-213v) ; No image availableFols 214r–221v XXIII(8/fols. 214r-221v) ; No image availableFols 222r–225v XXIV(4/fols. 222r-225v) ; No image availableFols 226r–229v XXV(4/fols. 226r-229v);
Formula 1: 1 (), 2 (10), 3 (10), 4 (), 5 (10), 6 (10), 7 (10), 8 (7), 9 (10), 10 (10), 11 (10), 12 (8), 13 (10), 14 (10), 15 (10), 16 (10), 17 (10), 18 (11), 19 (10), 20 (10), 21 (10), 22 (8), 23 (8), 24 (4), 25 (4),
Formula 2: 1 (), 2 (10), 3 (10), 4 (), 5 (10), 6 (10), 7 (10), 8 (7), 9 (10), 10 (10), 11 (10), 12 (8), 13 (10), 14 (10), 15 (10), 16 (10), 17 (10), 18 (11), 19 (10), 20 (10), 21 (10), 22 (8), 23 (8), 24 (4), 25 (4),
State of preservation
good
Condition
Binding
Two wooden boards covered with reddish-brown tooled leather; textile (red) inlays; Three pairs of sewing stations; Overback made of leather of different colour, two leather corner pieces.
Binding decoration
Two pairs of chains of endband stitches at the spine cover.
Binding material
wood
leather
textile
Original binding
Yes
Layout
Layout note 1
Number of columns: 2
Number of lines: 20
H | 263mm |
W | 273mm |
Intercolumn | 32mm |
Margins | |
top | 63 |
bottom | 94 |
right | 70 |
left | 27 |
intercolumn | 32 |
Ms ʿAddigrat, ʿĀddigrāt Dabra Mankǝrāt Qǝddus Qirqos, AMQ-001 main part
looks ok for measures computed width is: 370mm, object width is: 370mm, computed height is: 420mm and object height is: 420mm.Layout note 1
Ruling
- (Subtype: pattern) Ruling pattern: 2r-6r: 1A-1A-1A1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/C.
- (Subtype: pattern) 10r-223v: 1A-1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/C.
- The upper line is written above the ruling.
- The bottom line is written above the ruling.
- (Subtype: pattern) The ruling pattern is different for the canon tables.
Pricking
- Pricking and ruling are visible.
- Primary pricks are visible (s. (Excerpt from check the viewer136r)
). - Ruling pricks are partly visible (s. (Excerpt from check the viewer136r)
). - Structural pricks are partly visible (cp. (Excerpt from check the viewer23)
)
Other
punctuation:
- I. Colon (naṭǝb).
- II. Nine black and red dots asterisks;
- red dots asterisks with a black dot in the middle (s. check the viewer20v );
- four red dots asterisks with a black dot in the middle and a dash above (s. check the viewer21rb ); six black and red dots asterisks with dashes above and below (s. check the viewer154r ); four dots asterisks (näqʷet).
- III. Chain of black and red dots;
- two parallel chains of black and red dots with nine black and red dots asterisks in between (s. check the viewer222v ).
CruxAnsata
Yes
CruxAnsata:
Palaeography
Hand 1
Script: Ethiopic
Careful.
Ink: Black; red.
Rubrication: Nomina sacra; incipits and headings of the texts, numbers of the chapters; elements of the punctuation signs; last words of the chapters; Ethiopic numerals; "titles" written in the margin of some fols. Nomina sacra; incipits and headings of the texts, numbers of the chapters; elements of the punctuation signs; last words of the chapters; Ethiopic numerals; "titles" written in the margin of some fols. Nomina sacra; incipits and headings of the texts, numbers of the chapters; elements of the punctuation signs; last words of the chapters; Ethiopic numerals; "titles" written in the margin of some fols. Nomina sacra; incipits and headings of the texts, numbers of the chapters; elements of the punctuation signs; last words of the chapters; Ethiopic numerals; "titles" written in the margin of some fols. Nomina sacra; incipits and headings of the texts, numbers of the chapters; elements of the punctuation signs; last words of the chapters; Ethiopic numerals; "titles" written in the margin of some fols.
Date: Second half of the 18th or early 19th-century gʷǝlḥ script.
Second half of the 18th or early 19th-century gʷǝlḥ script.Select one of the keywords listed from the record to see related data
Use the tag BetMas:ESamq001 in your public hypothes.is annotations which refer to this entity.